Liên từ là một trong những phần văn phạm khó nhất và phức tạp nhất trong văn phạm tiếng Anh nói chung và văn phạm TOEIC nói riêng. Thuần thục được phần văn phạm này sẽ giúp các bạn cải thiện rất nhiều phần đọc hiểu TOEIC và góp phần rất lớn trong công cuộc chinh phục TOEIC của mình.
Liên từ là từ được dùng để nối 2 cụm từ, 2 mệnh đề hoặc 2 câu đơn lại với nhau.
I/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ (Result)
SUCH + noun + THAT + clause (trong văn nói có thể lược bỏ THAT)
Ex:
– He was SO tired THAT he went to bed early.
– It was SUCH a difficult exam (THAT) he knew he wouldn’t pass it.
Ex:
– It was late, SO he decided to take a taxi home.
AND, AS A RESULT: được dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề trong một câu.
Ex:
– We have invested too much money in this project. CONSEQUENTLY, we are in financial difficulties.
– His wife left him, AND/AS A RESULT, he became very depressed.
Ex:
– We feel, THEREFORE, that a decision must be made.
II/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ LÝ DO (reason)
Ex:
– SEEING THAT/SINCE/AS we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
Ex:
– We couldn’t find a good seat BECAUSE all the best ones had been taken.
Ex:
– We were unable to go by train BECAUSE OF the rail strike.
– Many of the deaths of older people are DUE TO heart attacks.
III/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH (purpose)
Notice: trong văn viết (formal) không nên dùng (NOT) TO
Ex:
– We came to the countryside TO find some peace and quiet.
– Handle the flowers carefully IN ORDER NOT TO damage them.
Ex:
– He chose this university SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT he could study Physics.
IV/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ SỰ ĐỐI LẬP (contrast)
Ex:
– ALTHOUGH/EVEN IF/EVEN THOUGH the car is old, it is still reliable.
DESPITE THE FACT THAT/IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT + clause
Ex:
– DESPITE/IN SPITE OF the rain, I went for a walk.
– We enjoyed our walking holiday DESPITE THE FACT THAT/IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT it was tiring.
THOUGH thường dùng trong văn nói, và đứng ở cuối câu.
Ex:
– Buying a house is expensive. It is, HOWEVER, a good investment.
– It’s a big decision to make, THOUGH.
Ex:
– John is very rich BUT/WHILE/WHEREAS his friends are extremely poor.
Ex:
– ON THE ONE HAND these computers are expensive. ON THE OTHER HAND they are exactly what we want.
V/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN
Ex:
– WHEN/WHILE/AS I was driving along the road, I saw a terrible accident.
– He went out AFTER he’d finished work.
Ex:
– WHENEVER/EVERY TIME I see him, he’s driving a different car.
Ex:
– FIRST he closed all the windows, THEN he locked the doors. LATER he came back to check that everything was all right.
Ex:
– DURING/ALL THROUGH the summer we get a lot of visitors.
– It rained heavily THROUGHOUT the night.
VI/ LIÊN TỪ CHỈ ĐIỀU KIỆN (condition)
Ex:
– EVEN IF you are born rich, life is still difficult.
– You can borrow the car AS LONG AS you’re careful with it.
– You can’t come with me UNLESS you promise to keep quiet.
Sau giới từ và/hoặc trước động từ TO V chúng ta sử dụng WHETHER chứ không dùng IF.
Ex:
– I don’t know WHETHER you have met him OR NOT.
– It depends ON WHETHER the government takes any action.
– The organizers will decide WHETHER TO IMPOSE fines.
IN CASE OF + noun (dùng trong văn viết)
Ex:
– Take this umbrella IN CASE it rains.
– IN CASE OF emergency, break the glass.
VII/ LIÊN TỪ DÙNG ĐỂ THÊM THÔNG TIN HOẶC NHẤN MẠNH
>> Trong văn viết nên dùng FURTHERMORE.
>> MOREOVER được dùng ở đầu hoặc giữa câu nhằm đưa thêm thông tin.
Ex:
– I don’t really want to go out tonight. BESIDES, there’s a good film on TV.
– We are still waiting for the goods we ordered three months ago. FURTHERMORE, we have been overcharged for our last order.
– This theory about the origins of the universe is new. It is, MOREOVER, extremely interesting.
Notice: BUT ALSO + noun/noun phrase; BUT + S + V + ALSO
NOT ONLY khi đứng đầu câu sẽ mang ý nghĩa nhấn mạnh, sử dụng cấu trúc này cần đảo ngữ cho vế NOT ONLY và vế còn lại sẽ dùng BUT + S + V + ALSO.
Ex:
– The painting is NOT ONLY valuable BUT ALSO a work of art.
– She NOT ONLY writes novels BUT (she) lectures AS WELL.
– The house was NOT ONLY large BUT (was/it was) ALSO modern.
– NOT ONLY is the restaurant superb BUT it is ALSO expensive.
Ex:
– They robbed a bank AS WELL AS a post office.
– AS WELL AS being sent to prison, they were fined $2000.
Ex:
– They like Indian food. I like Indian food TOO/AS WELL.
– They aren’t very generous people. They have NOT got any friends EITHER.
Sau đây là một số loại liên từ tương hợp. Chú ý rằng, sau những liên từ này là một mệnh đề.
– Diễn tả thời gian
While (trong khi): She was eating while her husband was fixing his car
When (khi): When you develop products, it is important to conduct a market research
Since (từ khi): He has served this company since he graduated
Before (trước khi): Before you leave the office, remember to turn off all the lights
After (sau khi): After he returned to the office, he got a private phone call
As soon as (ngay khi): As soon as I come home, please let her know
– Diễn tả lý do
Because (Bởi vì): Because it was submitted late, the report was returned
Since (Bởi vì): Since you left him, he is now addicted to wine
As (Bởi vì): The economy added 10,000 jobs in the second quarter as stronger domestic demands encouraged companies to hire more workers
– Diễn tả sự nhượng bộ
Although/ though/even (mặc dù): He is inexperienced, he is still appreciated by the whole staff
– Diễn tả điều kiện
If/once (Nếu): If you want to see him, call me any time
Unless (trừ khi): Unless he calls, I will leave right away
As long as (miễn là): he agrees to take the job as long as the salary is high
Provided that/ providing (miễn là): I will lend him money provided that he pays me on time
– Diễn tả mục đích:
So that/In order that (để): She buys a lovely doll so that/in order that her daughter can play with it at home
– Diễn tả sự đối lập
While/Whereas (trong khi đó): she keeps spending much money while her parents try to earn one single penny.
————
Chúc các bạn ôn tập thật tốt!
Nếu các bạn cần được tư vấn, các bạn có thể gọi ngay số hotline 0912. 863.219 hoặc inbox vào facebook page Ms.Thanh’s Toeic theo link bên dưới nhé!
————-
Ms.Thanh’s Toeic
Địa chỉ: 64/11/2 Nguyễn Khoái, phường 2, quận 4
Các khóa học hiện tại: http://msthanhtoeic.vn/courses/khoa-hoc/
Lịch khai giảng các khóa học trong tháng: http://msthanhtoeic.vn/category/lich-khai-giang/
Facebook: www.facebook.com/anhngumsthanh